Proteins and Enzymes
Aminos acids fold into particular shapes to produce proteins.
Enzymes are biological catalysts.
They operate best at optimum temperatures and acidity of its surroundings.
They can denature at higher temperatures or extreme pH
There are 20 different amino acids
There are hundreds of protein molecules as amino acids join together at different sequences
Protein can act as structural components, hormones, antibodies and enzymes.
Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up.
They are proteins folded into complex shapes.
Substrates fit into an active site and is broken down into two.
Enzymes in the human body normally have an optimum temperature of 37 degrees.
When it goes past 37, the rate slows down as enzymes become denatured.
Optimum pH is around 7.5 (neutral) but pepsin found in the stomach's optimum pH is around 2
Amylase - Starch > Sugar - pancreas, small intestine, salivary glands,
Protease Proteins > Amino acids - pancreas, small intestine, stomach
Lipase - Fats > glycerol and fatty acids - pancreas, small intestine
Stomach acid is hydrochloric acid which kills harmful microbes.
Enzymes (pepsin) works best at an acidic pH
Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
It neutralises stomach acid from the stomach in the small intestine and it also makes the condition alkaline.
Enzymes work best at an alkaline pH in the small intestine.
Industry uses
Protease - predigested baby food + detergents
Lipase- Biological detergents to break down stains into soluble substances
Carbohydrase- Make sugar syrup from starch syrup.
Isomerase - Glucose syrup into fructose syrup which is sweeter and can be used in slimming as you use smaller amounts.
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